Visuals: Education, language and training

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Maps

Bilingual Regions of Canada for Language‑of‑Work Purposes, 1977 to Present

The regions of Canada that are considered bilingual for the purpose of language of work, as determined by the federal government in 1977, include the National Capital Region, the province of New Brunswick, some parts of the Montreal census metropolitan area, certain other parts of Quebec and parts of eastern and northern Ontario.
Read the HillStudy: Official Languages in the Federal Public Service (2023)

Infographics

Language Regimes in the Provinces and Territories

The figure shows the characteristics of the language regimes of each province and territory in Canada. Official documents exist in every province and territory, except British Columbia. These documents consist of constitutional provisions in Manitoba, Quebec and New Brunswick. Acts and regulations have been passed everywhere, except in British Columbia and Newfoundland and Labrador. Policies have been implemented in Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador. A strategic plan has been adopted in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Alberta, Ontario and New Brunswick. In the three territories, legislation cannot be amended without the assent of the Parliament of Canada. In the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and New Brunswick, a timeframe for the review of provisions or official documents is set out in a law or policy. Official documents recognize the status of the minority language in various domains. Except in British Columbia and Quebec, they specify the provisions that apply to the delivery of government services. Provisions on services provided by third parties exist in Nunavut, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Active offer provisions exist in all jurisdictions except British Columbia, Quebec and Nova Scotia. Official documents also specify the language provisions for the legislative assemblies, justice and legislation in all three territories and in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick. The status of official-language minority communities is recognized in a law or policy in Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In some cases, laws or policies governing health, education, police forces and municipal services recognize the status of the minority language. Provisions that enable residents to file complaints are entrenched in legislation in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Offices responsible for minority-language services or for relations with the official-language minority community exist everywhere under various names. An ombudsman or agency is responsible for upholding language rights in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick. In Quebec, the competent organizations handle complaints relating to the majority language, while in the other four jurisdictions, the competent organizations handle complaints relating to the minority language.

Read the HillStudy: Language Regimes In the Provinces and Territories (2022)

 

Cross-cutting Responsibilities with Respect to Official Languages

Cross-cutting responsibilities of the President of the Treasury Board, the Minister of Justice, the Commissioner of Official Languages and the Minister of Canadian Heritage with respect to the implementation and operation of the Official Languages Act. For more information, see the text version below the figure.

Specific Responsibilities with Respect to Official Languages (Parts I to VI of the Official Languages Act)

Specific responsibilities related to the implementation of parts I to VI of the Official Languages Act. Parliamentary institutions, federal courts, the Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs and the President of the Treasury Board have a role to play in this regard. For more information, see the text version below the figure.

Specific Responsibilities with Respect to Official Languages (Parts VII to X of the Official Languages Act)

Specific responsibilities related to the implementation of parts VII to X of the Official Languages Act. The Minister of Canadian Heritage, the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the Commissioner of Official Languages and the Federal Court of Canada have a role to play in this regard. For more information, see the text version below the figure.
Read the HillStudy: The Official Languages Act: Understanding Its Principles and Implementation (2023)

 

Graphs and charts

Geographic Distribution of Speakers of French on a Daily Basis, 2022

Figure 1 presents information on the distribution of speakers of French on a daily basis by geographic region for 2022. According to the data, 47% of speakers of French on a daily basis live in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean region. Europe comes second, with 31% of speakers of French on a daily basis. The Maghreb and Middle East rank third, accounting for 15% of speakers of French on a daily basis. The Americas and Caribbean region follows with 7%. Lastly, the Asia and Oceania region is home to 0.3% of speakers of French on a daily basis.

Read the HillNote: The Parliament of Canada and the Francophonie (2022)