Visuals: Business, industry and trade

Disponible en français.

Visuals by type:

Maps

Top Producers of Potash and Top Exporters to the United States in 2024

Map illustrating the top global producers of potash and top exporters of potash to the United States in 2024. The top global producer of potash – measured by potassium oxide equivalent – is Canada, which accounts for more than 30% of world production. China, Russia and Belarus are each responsible for between 10% and 30% of production. Chile, Germany and Laos each account for less than 10% of world production. Canada and Russia were the top exporters of potash (potassium chloride) to the U.S. in 2024 as measured by volume in tonnes. Israel, Germany, Chile, India and China account for comparatively nominal volumes of potash exported to the U.S.
Read the HillNote: Potash and the Canada–United States Trade Relationship (2025)

 

Geographic Distribution of Contracts of $50 Million and Above in Value: Vessel Repair and Shipbuilding, 2010–2023 ($ millions)

This map illustrates the location and value of contracts awarded by the National Shipbuilding Strategy for contracts valued at $50 million and more. Each location is represented by a pie chart with a different size based on the total value of contracts divided into two pieces represented by different colours based on the type of contract, that is, shipbuilding or vessel repair. The locations are as follows: Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia; Medicine Hat, Alberta; Chatham, Hamilton, St. Catharines and Ottawa, Ontario; Montréal, Québec, Cap-Chat and Gaspé, Quebec; Saint John, New Brunswick; Halifax, Nova Scotia; and St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador. Saint John has the lowest contract value, at $57,676,404 and Halifax has the highest, at $2,465,118,374.
Read the HillNote: A Snapshot of National Shipbuilding Strategy Procurement Data (2024)

 

Canada’s Crude Oil Production and Transportation Infrastructure, 2020

This map illustrates the main crude oil and mixed-use pipelines in Canada and the United States as well as the percent of total crude oil production by Canadian province. Alberta is in the category of greater than 80% of total production in Canada while British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Newfoundland and Labrador and are each in the category of less than 11%.
Read the HillNote: Market (dis)Connection in Canada’s Oil Sector (2022)

 

Pilotage Authorities in Canada

Map showing the four pilotage authorities in Canada : Pacific, Great Lakes, Laurentian and Atlantic.

 

Compulsory Pilotage Areas Under the Authority of the Pacific Pilotage Authority

This map illustrates the compulsory pilotage areas under the Pacific Pilotage Authority as defined by the Pilotage Act. The compulsory pilotage areas are in the Canadian waters in and around the province of British Columbia. Under the Pacific Pilotage Authority there are five designated compulsory pilotage areas. They are identified on the map by a zone with dark blue outline and a blue fill.

Compulsory Pilotage Areas Under the Authority of the Great Lakes and Laurentian Pilotage Authorities

This map illustrates the compulsory pilotage areas under the Great Lakes Pilotage Authority and Laurentian Pilotage Authority as defined by the Pilotage Act. Under the Great Lakes Pilotage Authority the map depicts five areas that are established as compulsory pilotage areas, from east to west: - Cornwall District, being the waters of the St. Lawrence River between the Port of Montréal and the pilot boarding station near Cornwall. - International District 1, being the waters of the St. Lawrence River from the boarding station near Cornwall to Kingston. - Lake Ontario District. - International District 2, being the waters of the Welland Canal, Lake Erie and the waters of the connecting channels between Lake Erie and Lake Huron. - International District 3, being the waters of Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior including the connecting waters. Under the Laurentian Pilotage Authority the map depicts three areas that are established as compulsory pilotage areas, from south to north: - District 1.1, being the waters of the St. Lawrence River in the Port of Montréal. - District 1, being the waters of the St. Lawrence River between the Port of Montréal and Québec. - District 2, being the waters of the St. Lawrence River between Québec and Les Escoumins as well as the navigable waters of the Saguenay River.

Compulsory Pilotage Areas Under the Authority of the Atlantic Pilotage Authority

This map illustrates the compulsory pilotage areas under the Atlantic Pilotage Authority as defined by the Pilotage Act. The compulsory pilotage areas are in the Canadian waters in and around the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Under the Atlantic Pilotage Authority there are 17 designated compulsory pilotage areas. They are identified on the map by a dark blue circle.
Read the HillNote: Marine Pilotage in Canada: En Route to Modernizing the Pilotage Act (2020)

 

Infographics

Example of Labour Productivity

Graphic representation of the example of two bakeries, showing that labour productivity increases with the use of machinery.

Read the HillNote: What is Productivity and Why Does it Matter? (2025)

 

Comparison of Processing Power of a Classical Computer and a Quantum Computer

Because of the superposition of qubits, quantum computer processing power grows exponentially with each additional qubit. For example, 1 qubit is equivalent to 2 bits; 2 qubits are equivalent to 4 bits; 3 qubits are equivalent to 8 bits; 4 qubits are equivalent to 16 bits; 5 qubits are equivalent to 32 bits; 6 qubits are equivalent to 64 bits; 7 qubits are equivalent to 128 bits; 8 qubits are equivalent to 256 bits; 9 qubits are equivalent to 512 bits; 10 qubits are equivalent to 1,024 bits; 50 qubits are equivalent to 1,125,899,906,842,620 bits; 100 qubits are equivalent to 1,267,650,600,228,230,000,000,000,000,000 bits; 250 qubits are equivalent to 2 to the power of 250 bits; and 1,000 qubits are equivalent to 2 to the power of 1,000 bits.

Examples of Solutions to Combinatorics Problems That Quantum Computers Could Provide in Various Sectors

Using quantum computers to solve combinatorics problems could lead to advances in various fields, including agriculture, finance, information and technology, science and in the production chain. Agriculture: More accurate weather forecasts to optimize activities and the development of more efficient fertilizers. Finance: Faster financial calculations, portfolio optimization, improved arbitrage for international trade, better credit scoring and the detection of fraud. Information and technology: Boosting of artificial intelligence through increased data processing and the optimization of telecommunication network infrastructure and routing. Science: Use of quantum simulations to predict the properties of new molecules, speeding up efforts to discover new medications; development of novel quantum materials to acquire, process, store and distribute information and energy; and analysis of large quantities of data to improve the effectiveness of treatment plans. Production chain: Rapid identification of faults in complex production chains and optimization of delivery routes.

Projections of the Economic Impact of the Quantum Technology Industry in Canada

Shows the total economic impact of the quantum technology industry in Canada (including indirect and induced effects) by 2025 up to 2045. This industry is expected to create 1,100 jobs by 2025 and 209,200 jobs by 2045. The economic impact of this industry is projected to grow from $533 million by 2025 to $138.9 billion by 2045.

Selected Groups in STEM and STEM-Related Occupations Compared to the Overall Canadian Workforce, 2021

Average Employment Income in the Natural and Applied Sciences – Selected Groups Compared to the Overall Canadian Workforce, 2015

In Canada, the average annual employment income in the natural and applied sciences in 2015 was $73,365. For visible minorities, it was $71,391 for men and $60,545 for women. For people identifying as Indigenous, it was $67,917 for men and $54,471 for women.

Quantum Research in Selected Countries

Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, certain countries of the European Union, China and Australia have national quantum strategies. All these countries except for Australia also have regional quantum programs. Canada is investing C$621 million in the quantum industry. Budget 2021 announced spending of C$360 million over seven years starting in 2021–2022 on its national quantum strategy. The United States has announced over $US1.9 billion in funding for its quantum industry. Its National Quantum Initiative Act has authorized up to US$1.275 billion to support various organizations. The United Kingdom has allocated over US$1 billion to the quantum industry. Between 2014 and 2019, US$540 million was provided to launch the National Quantum Technologies Programme. The European Union has awarded over US$1 billion to the quantum industry. Between 2018 and 2021, US$181 million was allocated to its Quantum Flagship program, which includes numerous projects in various sectors in several European countries. China will invest over US$15 billion in its quantum industry, including the creation of a national quantum laboratory. Australia has committed US$121 million to its quantum industry. Between 2017 and 2024, the Australian Research Council will have invested nearly US$100 million in three centres of excellence that focus on quantum research.
Read the HillNote: The Tremendous Potential of Quantum Technologies: Risks and Opportunities (2023)

 

Deep Seabed Mining Operations

The image depicts an ocean ecosystem alongside a hydraulic mining system. Various marine species are depicted in the water column’s various vertical zones, which are: the sunlight zone (surface to 200 metres in depth), the twilight zone (200 metres to 1,000 metres), the midnight zone (1,000 metres to 4,000 metres) and the abyss (4,000 metres to 6,000 metres). Collector vehicles collecting polymetallic nodules are shown on the seabed along with a collector pipe that runs from the vehicles to a vessel on the surface. Collector and dewatering plumes along the water column are also shown.
Read the HillNote: Into the Depths: International Law and Deep Seabed Mining (2022)

 

Key Asia–Pacific Trade Agreements and Canada’s Agreements With Their Parties

This diagram illustrates member countries of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership; and the Canada-Korea Free Trade Agreement. Member countries of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership are Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and Viet Nam. Member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Member countries of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership are Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Viet Nam. Member countries of the Canada-Korea Free Trade Agreement are Canada and South Korea.
Read the HillNote: Overview of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (2021)

 

Graphs and charts

Total Contract Amounts by Category, 2010–2023 ($ millions)

The figure displays the total amounts awarded in contracts between 2010 and 2023 for each of the seven derived categories. A table containing all the data is provided in the text version below the image.
Read the HillNote: A Snapshot of National Shipbuilding Strategy Procurement Data (2024)